|
|
|||||||||||||||
|
Industrial applications of materials
engineering in selection of materials include materials part design,
cost-benefit tradeoffs in industrial production of materials, processing
techniques (casting, rolling, welding, crystal growth, thin-film
deposition, sintering, glassblowing, etc.) i Natural Materials Materials science for product and machine development involves the ability to manipulate materials in various state phases including crystalline materials such as precipitates, grain boundaries, interstitial atoms, vacancies or substitutional atoms to create new materials with the desired properties. Materials such as polymers, glasses, some ceramics, and many natural materials are amorphous, not possessing any long-range order in their atomic arrangements, are commonly combined with elements of chemical and statistical thermodynamics to give thermodynamic, rather than mechanical, descriptions of physical properties. More on Natural Materials
Modern Materials Scientists & Material and Chemical Engineers use this understanding of the physical and thermodynamic properties of the elemental materials, relating to atomic structure in various phases engineering of composite materials including new metallic alloys, silica and carbon materials, ceramics, polymers, plastics, semiconductors, magnetic materials, medical – drug production, implant and biomaterials. Materials science includes the extraction of materials and their conversion into useful forms. Metal casting, foundry techniques, blast furnace molten extraction, and electrolytic extraction are all part of the required knowledge of a metallurgist and Materials Engineering. Man-made Materials
Industrial applications of materials engineering include materials design, cost-benefit tradeoffs in industrial production of materials, processing techniques (casting, rolling, welding, crystal growth, thin-film deposition, sintering, glassblowing, etc.), and analytical techniques (characterization techniques such as electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, calorimetry, nuclear microscopy, backscattering, neutron diffraction, etc.).
Metal alloys of iron (steel, stainless steel, cast iron, tool steel, alloy steels) make up the largest proportion both by quantity and commercial value. Iron alloyed with various proportions of carbon gives low, mid and high carbon steels. For the steels, the hardness and tensile strength of the steel is directly related to the amount of carbon present, improved properties lower ductility and toughness. The addition of silicon and graphitization will produce cast irons (although some cast irons are made precisely with no graphitization). The addition of chromium, nickel and molybdenum to carbon steels gives us stainless steels. Produced in cast ingots, roll, plate, sheet, bar, tube, and limited “C” and “U” shaped profiles custom. Almost all metal elements can be molecularly manipulated combined with other metals to form composite alloys, for improved properties; strength, impact, ductility, electromagnetic and thermodynamic properties Mass produced metallic alloys include: aluminum, titanium, copper and magnesium manufactured by the electrolytic extraction, valued for their high strength-to-weight ratios. Magnesium is also used for electromagnetic shielding. Aerospace and automotive engineering applications use these materials for the strength-to-weight properties. Raw material; sheet, bar, tube, “C” and “U” shaped profiles are cast, die cast, injection molded, impact forged, stamped, rolled, bent, punched and shaped. More on Metals and Alloys
Polymers – Plastics and Ceramics Other than metals, polymers and ceramics are the raw materials used to make plastic resins, usually in a powder or pellet form. Plastics are really the final product, created after one or more polymers or additives have been added to a resin during processing, which is then shaped into a final form. Polymers which have been around, and which are in current widespread use, include polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl-chloride, polystyrene, nylons, polyesters, acrylics, polyurethane, and polycarbonates. More on Plastics and Polymers Commodity Plastics:
| ||||||||||||||
